Samsung Computer Drive HM020GI User Guide

M40S Series  
H M 0 2 0 G I  
H M 0 4 0 H I  
H M 0 6 0 I I  
H M 0 8 0 J I  
Model:  
manual  
HARD DISK DRIVE service  
H a r d D i s k D r i v e  
Contents  
1. Specification summary  
2. Block Diagram of HDD  
3. Connector & Jumper Pin Assignments  
4. How to check if HDD is working  
5. Exploded View  
6. Maintenance Cylinder Configuration  
7. How to use HUTIL Program  
8. How to progress Burn-In Test  
9. Caution  
Attachment 1. The basic information  
related HDD  
Attachment 2. HDD related terms  
Attachment 3. Q&A  
 
SAMSUNG HARD DISK DRIVE  
2. Block Diagram of HDD  
PREAMP &  
READ/WRITE  
CHANNEL IC  
WRITE DRIVER  
Marvell  
Marvell 88C6590  
G214M  
HDA  
A
T
A
CUSTOMIZED IC including  
AT CONTROLLER, EMBEDDED  
SERVO CONTROLLER, DSP  
PROCESSOR, ADC & DAC  
Dual-DSP 88I6525  
SPINDLE MOTOR &  
ACTUATOR COMBO  
DRIVER  
B
U
S
TLS2502  
Internal Flash Ron  
1.5Mbit  
Buffer 64Mbit  
K4S641632H-UC60  
HDD  
HDA (HEAD DISK ASSEMBLY)  
PCBA (PCB ASSEMBLY)  
- PCBA  
- HEAD  
- DISK  
- VCM (Voice Coil Motor)  
- SPM (Spindle Motor)  
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입력  
5V  
5V  
SPINDLE MOTOR &  
ACTUATOR COMBO  
DRIVER  
Buffer  
64Mbit  
3.3V  
FET  
TLS2502  
K4S64163  
2H-UC60  
-3V  
1.2V  
Channel IC &  
HDC  
88i6525  
18pin Connector  
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3. Connector / Jumper Pin Assignment  
Serial Connector Interface Signals  
Pin  
Function  
Ground  
Rx+  
Definition  
Data  
Signal  
S1  
S2  
S3  
S4  
S5  
S6  
S7  
Ground  
Differential Signal Pair  
Differential Signal Pair  
Ground  
Connection  
Rx-  
Ground  
Tx+  
Differential Signal Pair  
Differential Signal Pair  
Ground  
Tx-  
Ground  
Key and Spacing separate  
signal and power segment.  
Power  
P1  
P2  
V33  
V33  
3.3V  
Management  
3.3V  
P3  
V33  
3.3V  
P4  
Ground  
Ground  
Ground  
V5  
Ground  
Ground  
Ground  
5V  
P5  
P6  
P7  
P8  
V5  
5V  
P9  
V5  
5V  
P10  
P11  
Ground  
Ground  
Device Activity/Stagger Spin-up  
control  
This pin was reserved in  
SATA 1.0a  
P12  
P13  
P14  
P15  
Ground  
V12  
Ground  
12V  
V12  
12V  
V12  
12V  
BIOS Setup Parameter  
Model  
CYL  
HD  
PRE  
LZ  
SEC  
SIZE  
Remarks(LBA)  
39,179,952  
HM020GI  
HM040HI  
HM060II  
HM080JI  
38,869  
77,622  
16  
16  
16  
16  
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
63  
63  
63  
63  
20 GB  
40 GB  
60 GB  
80 GB  
78,242,976  
116,374  
155,127  
117,304,992  
156,368,016  
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4. Exploded View  
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<< Major components of HDD >>  
HDD is formed by major components as follows: Base, Cover, ARM(E-Block), Latch, Crash Stop,  
Pivot Bearing, Breather Filter, Window Clock, Window Push Pin, Jump Pin, Spindle Motor,  
Actuator, Magnetic Head, Magnetic Disk, PCBA  
1 Base  
Base could be a basic frames for HDD assembly. Spindle motor, ARM, VCM, cover and PCBA  
are assembled on it, and other components are sub-assembled on those configuration.  
ARM and Spindle motor assembled to Head and Disk each in advance,then those are assembled  
on Base. If base could be effected by external and internal vibration (spindle motor  
& actuator's fake vibration), relative displacement occurred between head and disk so to  
reduce this effect to PES(Position Error Signal) and data signal, shape design concerned  
mode shaping should be needed.  
2 Cover  
Cover protect HDD components from the exterior impact and play role of sealing to cut off  
particle and moisture which could be a fatal factor to head and disk. Cover is also designed  
in consideration of noise and vibration effect.  
3 ARM (E-block)  
ARM is assembled HGA and VCM coil back and forth and it is connected to pivot axis pivot  
bearing. When VCM coil generate torque due to electromagnetic force of VCM, ARM swing around  
pivot and play a role of carriage so as head may access to information side of disk.  
Inertia: It is the best way to shorten data access time that shows how fast head can  
reach to the proper point on of HDD efficiency, is minimizing ARM's weight to decrease inertia.  
And then to decrease weight of ARM, it'll be composed low density materials and reduce ARM's  
size within safety allowed when designed.  
Unbalance: If the center of gravity for ARM isn't the same with that of pivot center,  
unbalance occur and it caused ARM to torque.  
And acceleration might affect on unbalance mass in condition impact or vibration are given  
from the exterior. In case of magnetic latch, this unbalance could be a reason that latch  
released. Therefore shape simulation of ARM should be designed lest the center of gravity  
should go off center of revolving.  
4 Latch  
When power HDD off, spindle motor stop spinning and park on the ramp automatically  
according to the order systemized. By that time if head is given any impact or vibration  
from the exterior, head invade data zone clung to disk. And then data damaged consequently,  
Latch solve the problem above as latch makes head maintain to be putted on the ramp from  
external shock.  
5 Crash Stop  
Crash stop is made of elastic material and weaken a impact of actuator in emergency condition,  
head getting out of data zone when it move to parking zone or seek.  
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6 Pivot Bearing  
Pivot bearing is a roll bearing fixed the center of gyration of ARM. Inner Race is fixed by  
screw after being connected to Base pivot and outer Race is fixed by retaining ring after  
being connected by ARM's hole and make the ARM's revolving movement actively.  
7 Breather Filter  
In the interior of HDD, air flow is formed by the spinning disk in high speed and pressure  
distribution occurred. This pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure of the exterior of  
HDD and due to this, the outside air inflow into the interior caused contamination.  
Breather filter fixed in inflow plug induce clean air and help air circulation.  
8 Window Clock  
Head must know the data's location information to access data on disk. Servo write is  
a process of recording information disk. To record information, we make hole that head  
for servo write can enter the interior of HDD and this hole is window clock.  
This hole is closed with sealing label after done servo writing, be careful not to be  
occurred inner contamination due to label's injury.  
9 Window Push Pin  
Head should be controlled to move on disk at a regular track pitch interval rate during  
servo writing. ARM is torqued by VCM continuously and was controlled each track's moving  
using push pin. Window push pin is a hole for this, the pin could enter interior of HDA  
and be careful contamination caused by label's injury because this hole is closed by sealing  
label after done servo writing.  
10 Jump Pin  
During installing, HDD need setting of pin organization in the next according to  
the drive running mode: master drive in single system, master drive in dual system,  
slave drive in dual system.  
11 Spindle Motor  
Spindle motor is a sort of small motor which can change electric energy to mechanical energy  
utilizing for magnetic field. When the current of stator's coil formed by electromagnet  
is on, magnetic power occur between stator and rotator. (repeal occur between same pole and  
attract occur in case of different pole) This power can make rotator revolve and we should  
keep on changing the magnetic pole of the stator to maintain rotate at regular speed.  
To progress this function, we deduct rotation speed and circuit for controlling needed.  
It is possible to control the current flow and time interval with Hall element and MR  
element (these are sensitive to voltage change). The magnetic disk of hard disk is running  
by DC Brushless direct drive motor directly. Brush has long life and high reliability  
because it doesn't have belt. Recently we use flat motor to be adopted to the request of  
minimizing. The rotation bearing is supported by Fluid Dynamic Bearing(FDB), this is not  
keeping high speed spinning but also reducing resistance even eliminating and this make the  
acceleration better.  
The life of hard disk is up to the durability of this bearing supporting revolving axis.  
Spindle motor rotate a disk media at regular speed.This device start to rotate as soon as  
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SAMSUNG HARD DISK DRIVE  
put power on and no matter what HDD read or write data,spindle motor always revolve.  
Besides accurate reading from the media point of view is possible when maintain the constant  
speed within 0.1%,rotation error. The control circuit of spindle motor receive the index data  
from the spindle motor or media at every spin and check whether constant speed persists or not  
then revise the speed. Spindle motor is applied to DC brushless motor.  
12 Actuator  
Hard disk has 2 disks so it has 4 written sides, and each side needs each written replay  
device, 8 heads needed. This 4 heads can't work independently. Each head is connected with  
one carriage and set as running altogether. For example, one head move at tenth track and  
then the rest come to move at the same track. Retrieval(information searching) is a moving  
the head to track properly. The faster searching speed, the better for a quick access.  
It is profitable to use voice coil motor for a fast searching speed. Making narrow  
the width and interval of track is for HDD capacity improvement so we can build more tracks  
on written side so searching movements in head become subtle. Therefore servo control the  
decision of HDD location. Magnetic disk is put standard signal for location marking from the  
manufacturing step. Head read this to find the relative difference then run motor mediate  
the head's location.  
13 Magnetic Head  
Magnetic field is formed around the conduct on passing electric current to conductor and  
the direction and size of magnetic field are decided by those of an electric current.  
Magnetic head build a minute gap in core (formed by ring) and pass an electric current then  
strong magnetic leakage are occurred around gap thus magnetic particles of media vary the  
direction according to the that of current: this is called recording. On the contrary, a  
process induce magnetic signal to electric signal is called reading(decipherment).  
14. Magnetic Disk  
Recording carrier become a permanent magnet according to applying magnetic material to the  
surface and change the magnetization direction of a electromagnet and it is possible to  
store information during long term.  
15. PCBA  
PCBA is a circuit element concerning about HDD running and constructed in  
engine IC,COMBO IC,read/write IC,ROM ,and sort of chip etc.  
- Engine IC: contained RAM&Interface IC and exchange information to computer.  
- COMBO IC: Controlling spindle motor & VCM running when HDD power on.  
- Read/Write IC: read/write of HDD  
- ROM: Checking HDD basic function and management basic spec.  
16. Ramp  
2.5 inch drives usually adopt Load /Unload ramp system to prevent head slap for disk basically.  
Head is putted safely on the ramp which is located off disk-outer diameter at non-operating  
It makes head avoid to slap disk during the external shock. and play a major role to move to  
disk smoothly at loading and move smoothly and safely to itself to park head at power-off.  
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6. Maintenance Cylinder Configuration  
File Name  
Cyl Sector  
Size  
Ref ID  
Descriptions  
FSI  
0
1
1
File System Information record  
Backup copy of FSI  
File Information Table  
Backup copy of FIT  
Maintenance Cylinder Defect List  
Servo Table  
FSI2  
FIT  
0
2
4
FIT2  
MLIST  
0
0
6
7
1
4
M_LIST  
SV_TBL  
SVOTBL  
CONFIG2  
CONFIG  
SERNUM  
BISCRT  
BIRSLT  
CONFIG2  
CONFIG  
SERIALNO  
BI_SCRPT  
BI_RESLT  
BI_CRTRA  
FNL_TEST  
CHN_TBL  
GEO_TBL  
VLIST_H  
VLIST  
0
12  
1
2
System Configuration Data  
System Configuration Data  
Serial Number  
1
2
1
3
2
1
5
4
Burn-In Script  
1
10  
11  
12  
30  
46  
78  
79  
111  
1
1
Burn-In Result  
1
1
CRITER  
FNLTST  
CHTBL0  
GEOTBL  
VLSTHD  
V_LIST  
Burn-In Criteria  
1
8
Final Test  
1
12  
32  
1
Channel Table  
1
Drive Geometry Table  
Servo Defect List header  
Servo Defect List  
1
1
12  
1
SLIST_H  
SLIST  
1
SLSTHD  
S_LIST  
Slip Sector List Header  
Slip sector list  
6
512  
8
TLIST  
1
364  
801  
385  
381  
382  
383  
387  
401  
148  
59  
60  
61  
62  
72  
82  
550  
1
T_LIST  
Track Defect List  
RLIST  
1
35  
1
R_LIST  
Reassign List  
TMPRTURE  
SET_MAX  
SECURITY  
SV_TBL2  
CHN_TB2  
OVERLAY  
BI_TIME  
ER_CNT  
SV_ERCNT  
SCN_GRAY  
PAR_MON  
WK_HEAD  
TPI_WRW  
MR_TUNE  
DLIST  
1
TMPREC  
SETMAX  
SECUTY  
SVBKUP  
CHTBL1  
OVRLAY  
BITIME  
Temperature Measurement Data  
Set max LBA number  
Security data  
1
1
1
1
1
3
Servo table backup  
Channel table backup  
Overlay firmware code  
Burn-In test time  
1
8
1
396  
3
4
4
1
ERRCNT  
SVECNT  
SCNGRY  
PARMON  
WKHEAD  
TPIWRW  
MRTUNE  
D_LIST  
Burn-in error count  
Burn-in servo error count  
Scan gray data  
4
1
4
1
4
10  
10  
4
Burn-in channel parameter monitor  
Weak head data  
4
4
Burnin TPI measurement data  
MR head tune data  
Primary defect list  
Geometry table for test/select TPI/BPI  
Smart data  
4
40  
768  
384  
9
5
TST_GEO  
SMRT  
24  
11  
11  
11  
11  
11  
1
TSTGEO  
SMRTBL  
SMRTLG  
SMRTWT  
SMTHLG  
BIASHK  
1
SMRT_LOG  
SMRT_WTS  
SMRT_HLG  
BIAS_SHK  
END-FIT  
3
4
Smart log  
10  
15  
526  
5
Smart write test  
512  
370  
Smart host log  
Bias shock data  
End of Record  
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SAMSUNG HARD DISK DRIVE  
Explanation of terms for HDD repairing  
CONTENTS  
SYMPTOMS  
Motor doesn't drive.  
When HDD power on, LED is in on and motor  
Led is still on/off mode when power on  
: PCB failure  
NOT READY  
(NR)  
start to drive. At this time head make  
vibration and start to drive then stop the  
vibration and led is off at the same time.  
Led is still in on mode and doesn't  
make any vibration.  
DISK DEFECT Symptoms for damage at disk side  
ID,MD,OD failure is occurred in  
leo test process rate 0 ~ 33% OD  
34~ 66% MD  
ID  
Defect is occurred at the inner part of disk  
Defect is occurred at the middle part of disk  
Defect is occurred at the out part of disk  
MD  
OD  
67~100% ID  
MAINTENANC  
Part of basic information like defect etc. in  
HDD  
E
CYLINDER  
Maintenance cylinder defect  
DEFECT(MC)  
SPIN MOTOR Motor rotate disk and if it is impacted ,make a When power on, some irregular noise is  
NOISE(SM)  
big noise due to damage.  
occurred at general motor.  
how many times does it cost to progress read  
test in leo actually  
ERASED TIME  
This is SUFFECTED in drive  
NORMAL TIME Prescribed read test time by product company.  
Read and defect free are progressed  
AUTO TEST  
automatically.  
ALT+A Key  
Transfer defect on disk into buffer cylinder on OD,MD,ID is occurred when defect free error  
DEFECT FREE disk. Defect isn't available for read/  
and exceed the capacity to progress defect  
write  
free. F6 Key  
F2 Key  
READ TEST  
WRITE TEST  
DELETE  
Read wether damage on the disk side or not  
Write the regular data on disk side.  
Erase all the previous Data entirely at leo test  
pass product.  
F4 Key  
F7 Key  
SYSTEM  
HEAD is located at cylinder of disk correctly  
and is tested write ,read is available.  
PES  
HUTIL test PES fail  
Product which CD,MD,ID defect is occurred in  
HUTIL test is downloaded(head test)by ALT-I  
and if it is passed ,only power on  
Repeat read,write for with many hours and  
progress defect free finally for the product  
confidence.  
BURN IN  
TEST  
needed.Repeat led once is pass, fail when  
fail happen once more.  
To check defect of HDD, svc tool,  
read,write,head,pes are manufactured to test  
Check menu with F10 Key.  
HUTIL TEST  
defect and this is available for defect free and Refer to HUTIL manual for usage  
other variable test.  
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7. How to use HUTIL Program  
1) Before you start  
HUTIL support from Voyager11P to PALO series.(HUTIL 1.12 version)  
(HUTIL has been upgrading constantly whenever new model comes out.)  
- Preparation before use  
Diskette or HDD containing HUTIL.EXE should be boot-up to MS-DOS mode,that is,  
should be contained IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS,COMMAND.COM (IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS: hidden file).  
And also HUTIL.CFG is required.  
2) Explanation of each menu  
[TEST]  
SHORT TEST  
Menu for random read test, no defect free test.  
LONG TEST  
Read test from the first cylinder to the last in order,  
no defect free test.  
READ ALL  
Display error list when error is occurred after reading whole cylinder.  
Message will be appeared if the test time delay is over 20 seconds compared  
with other normal HDD. In this case, HDD may have problem. (Progress  
sequential read test from cyl. #0 to the last cylinder. No Defect Free.  
- Refer to attachment below.)  
READ FROM TO  
Read from the designated cylinder and head to the designated cylinder.  
Press ESC to stop in the middle.  
WRITE ALL  
Write 00h on all cylinder except maintenance cylinder.  
All data will be removed. (Even partition table, boot sector & FAT)  
WRITE FROM TO  
Write from the designate cylinder and head to the designated cylinder.  
DEFECT FREE  
Progress after  
command.  
Read Drive  
Defect free operation for the defects in the error list.  
LONG TEST & DF  
Current auto test.Check defect and defect free during read test  
examine defect free again.  
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BURN IN  
Download burn-In script to HDD.  
ERASE & SCAN  
Write full surface with 00 pattern and scan full surface.  
OD SCRATCH TEST  
Check OD for OS area has physical problem.  
AV SCAN TEST  
scan full surface every 256 Sectors and check elapsed time.  
[INFORMATION]  
NEW DEFECT LIST  
View the error list in memory.  
NEW DEFECT MAP  
Show defect on drive in graphic mode. These defects are  
invisible because of done then these are added after defect  
free done B/I & Read test or Auto test separately.  
GROWN DEFECT MAP  
Show the defects in graphic mode during HUTIL program.  
Moving along cursor with up/down arrow key, these keys  
are indicated the location of defects in the right list  
on disk. This location is agreed with the real location  
because skew was concerned in that already.  
The color of an arrow is agreed with those of head in  
which defect occurred.  
This function is applying to Voyager10,11,11P currently and this function can't show the  
defects during process.  
[TOOL]  
SET MAX ADDRESS  
Control Drive's Max Address  
a) PROCESS  
Change Max Address to designated size.  
b) TARGET LBA  
Set Max Address size with LBA.  
c) TARGET SIZE  
Set Max Address size with MB  
d) MODE [NON-VOLATILE, VOLATILE]  
Decide Changed Max Address is permanent or volatile  
e) RECOVER NATIVE SIZE  
Recover to original size  
f) DISPLAY CURRENT STATUS  
Show Current Size and Original size  
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DCO SET MAX ADDRESS  
Control Max Address with DCO Command.  
a) PROCESS  
Change Max Address to designated size..  
b) TARGET LBA  
Set Max Address size with LBA.  
c) TARGET SIZE  
Set Max Address size with MB  
d) RECOVER NATIVE SIZE  
Recover to original size  
e) DISPLAY CURRENT STATUS  
Show Current Size and Original size  
C. ERASE HDD  
Erase all data in Drive. Write with 00 pattern  
a) PROCESS  
Execute Erase Drive  
b) TARGET LBA  
Set Erase size with LBA  
c) TARGET SIZE  
Set Erase size with MB.  
d) ERASE MBR  
Erase M.B.R. (LBA 0).  
e) LOW LEVEL FORMAT  
Erase full surface faster with VU Command.  
D. SET MAX UDMA MODE  
Control UDMA limit  
a) PROCESS  
Change designated speed  
b) UDMA MODE [UDMA 33, UDMA 66, UDMA 100, UDMA 133, SATA 150]  
Support mode depends on drive model.  
c) DISPLAY CURRENT MODE  
Show Current max UDMA mode  
If setmax is already set on drive, we can't use this function.  
E. AUTOMATIC ACOUSTIC MANAGEMENT  
Change AAM mode  
a) PROCESS  
Change designated speed  
b) AAM MODE [DISABLE, FAST, MIDDLE, QUIET]  
Support mode depends on drive model  
c) DISPLAY CURRENT MODE  
Show Current AAM mode  
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F. SELF DIAGNOSTIC  
diagnostic for end user  
G. CHANGE NATIVE SIZE  
Control Drive size with VU Set Max Command  
a) CHANGE NATIVE SIZE  
Change Native Size as designated.  
b) TARGET LBA  
Set Native Size with LBA  
c) F/W REVISION  
Change Firmware revision except first 2 charactor.  
d) MODEL NAME  
Change model name, 'SAMSUNG' should be on model name,  
because hutil uses model name it is samsung drive or not.  
e) RECOVER ORIGINAL SIZE  
Recover to original Native Size.  
f) DISPLAY CURRENT STATUS  
Show Current native size and original native size.  
H. SET SECURITY  
Control Set Security  
a) SET SECURITY UNLOCK : SECURITY UNLOCK.  
Drive is unlocked during drive power is on. after power off, drive will be  
locked again.  
b) SET SECURITY DISABLE : SECURITY UNLOCK & DISABLE.  
Drive is unlocked permanently.  
c) SET SECURITY PASSWORD  
Lock drive with designated Password.  
d) PASSWD : Password  
e) IDENTIFIER : USER/MASTER  
f) LEVEL : HIGH/MAXIMUM  
I. VENDOR UNIQUE SET SECURITY  
Unlock drive without user password.  
a) VU SET SECURITY UNLOCK : SECURITY UNLOCK.  
Drive is unlocked during drive power is on. after power off, drive will be  
locked again.  
b) VU SET SECURITY DISABLE : SECURITY UNLOCK & DISABLE.  
Drive is unlocked permanently.  
c) VU SET SECURITY PASSWORD :  
Lock drive with original password  
J. 48BIT LBA SUPPORT  
Change drive 48bit lba on/off  
[OPTION]  
ABOUT HUTIL  
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Version of HUTIL.  
DOS SHELL  
Execute DOS Shell. If you want back to HUTIL, input EXIT.  
DRIVE INFORMATION  
Open the information window about the target HDD.  
Press to close.  
ESC  
EXIT TO DOS  
End HUTIL program.  
3) The others  
- Difference of read test and auto test  
(Difference from HUTIL user, refer to supplement )  
How to Read All/From Test: In "read all test" case, only show error status on screen not to  
progress D/F(defect free) but to read. This method is available for test  
in case of lots of set because we can save D/F time if defects are  
occurred.  
In case of S/C in Europe(All-in), progress the test by using read test(F2).  
First, progress "all read" and if defect is occurred during progress, decide failure or  
B/I judgment quickly to select set promptly in state fail limit and B/I limit are decided  
according to defect numbers. This progress is available for test in case of lots of set.  
A weak point is that limit is hard to be decided because LED user judge "pass" or B/I  
"failure" for himself.  
Pass standard of EDC in case of S/C in Europe(All-in)  
: Progress test  
- Standard of B/I test: Progress test  
judge B/I test after B/I down loading.  
defects are occurred no more than 0 ~ 4  
progress D/F  
judge "pass".  
defect is occurred less than 5 ~ 200  
- Failure standard: Progress test  
defect is occurred more than 200  
failure  
(little bit differ from real case because the standard is a example which HUTIL  
user progress the test after data analysis.)  
media check  
How to Short/ Long Test : Head check  
PES check  
M/C check  
If defect is occurred during media test,progress D/F keeping on test progress.  
In case of Auto test, failure code is appeared on screen so failure is judged commonly.  
It takes lots of times because defect is progressed whenever error occurred.  
Two methods above have weak and strong point both, so apply these to proper condition.  
(Auto test)  
- Standard of failure judgment  
Head Check  
Write Head: All heads are progressed to write at the last cylinder (ID region).  
If it is fail to write due to cylinder error, progress again in the next inner  
cylinder. Record failure status to the corresponding head after progress error  
check to all 10  
Pass ... )  
cylinders.( e.g.: Head 0  
Fail, Head 1  
remark "failure" if error occurred in  
Read Head: Seek 100 cylinders per OD, MD, ID regions  
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3 times per region. ( Judge failure by reading not the whole cylinder but  
servo sector only because it is apt to mistake failure to head failure due to  
scratch)  
PES Check (PES, RCO, Mechanism)  
: Compare PES value from the first cylinder starting OD(except MC ),MD,ID region to the 3rd  
cylinder. (Check 30 times per 1 cylinder)  
3 times per 1 cylinder.  
Remark "failure" when error occurred more than  
Maintenance Cylinder Check(M/C): Read Maintenance cylinder from the number of 0 to the last.  
In case of "MC", remark "failure" when error happened in one time.  
Media Check  
: Read from OD to ID region same as the existing read test function and progress "D/F"  
whenever defect occurred.  
Auto Defect Free: Reading along OD to ID region, progress "D/F" promptly if defect occurred.  
Read the next sector if no defect occurred and progress D/F if defect occurred.  
When we don't have any more cylinder space for D/F, stop progressing D/F and then remark  
defect status for the next 30 defects occurred from the D/F stopping location.  
Remark failure:  
- If the number of defects are same in OD,MD,ID region  
remark failure in order of OD > MD > ID.  
- If the number of defects are different in OD,MD,ID region  
remark failure in region have the most defects among OD,MD,ID region  
□□  
continuousness: Continuous scratch more than 15 cylinders  
divergence: Divergent scratch less than 15 cylinders  
□□  
Test OK: Remark "Test OK" if no problem occurred when test done.  
If it passed due to D/F, remark "Defect free by pass~" and show the corresponding  
failure region in the below. At this time, input the code of failure region shown  
and the control code 'is a "Defect controlled".  
Display Read time with checking during Read test,  
(Stop reading if expecting read time exceeded +10 when 50 % tested.)  
4) HUTIL Error message  
Error messages  
- ECC ERROR: Where the data was written (data writing dimension in sector, data zone)  
occur physical damage (hard related error: disk ding by head caused by impact  
and vibration) or logical damage. (soft related error: error is occurred during  
writing) Logical error(damage) could be cured by re-writing.  
- DATA AM NOT FOUND ERROR: Damaged address mark(AM:current address information of data)  
among the structure of sectors, containing the logical and physical  
defect.  
- ABORTED COMMAND: Message when HDD can't recognize the fixed order in program.  
(PCBA failure or HDA failure.)  
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Example of disk failure  
< Error List >  
CYL  
1
HD(Head)  
SEC  
117  
106  
110  
12  
Error List  
ECC Err  
0
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
Data Am Not Found  
ECC Err  
3
4
ECC Err  
117  
120  
159  
170  
171  
172  
173  
174  
190  
191  
13  
ECC Err  
152  
102  
ECC Err  
ECC Err  
Most of case,defects(cylinder)are sporadic or continuous but if defects are partly -continuous,  
disk could be judged disk failure.  
It is called the continuous defects "scratch" it means that head is scratched the disk side  
in the direction of arc or straight due to impact or vibration after motor run.  
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Example for Head related failure  
< Error List >  
CYL  
1
HD(Head)  
SEC  
117  
106  
110  
12  
Error  
1
ECC Err  
2
1
Data Am Not Found  
ECC Err  
3
1
4
1
ECC Err  
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13  
ECC Err  
6
152  
102  
ECC Err  
7
ECC Err  
8
9
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
Compared with disk failure,head related failure occur in particular HD(head) from the first  
cylinder and this is occurred continuously.(it is occurred in two more heads)  
If failure is continuous, we are confused if it is head failure or disk failure. At this time  
read the edge of cylinder again then it is head failure if error still be continuous at the  
particular head and disk failure in sporadic case. And failure occurred with changing cylinder  
and head continuously, it is called assembly failure in inner HDA or caused from other problem.  
(HDA related failure )  
< Error List >  
CYL  
1
HD(Head)  
SEC  
Error  
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
117  
ECC Err  
1
106  
110  
12  
Data Am Not Found  
ECC Err  
1
1
ECC Err  
2
13  
ECC Err  
2
152  
102  
ECC Err  
2
ECC Err  
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
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HUTIL Test Flow/Error Code  
Codes marked as red among broken codes are displaying automatically in HUTIL Program!  
Label error  
[AJ44]  
[AJ45]  
[AJ12]  
[AJ13]  
[AJ32]  
Label damaged  
PCBA burnt  
PCBA ERROR  
HDA ERROR  
N>  
Appearance  
PCBA ding,break  
HDA ding,scratch  
PCBA  
HDA  
Y
exchange  
PCBA No spin  
PCBA Not ready  
HDA No spin  
HDA Not ready  
ROM failure  
[AJ35]  
[AJ36]  
[AJ33]  
[AJ34]  
[AJ39]  
[AJ46]  
[AJ37]  
PCBA ERROR  
HDA ERROR  
Power Test  
Y
N>  
AUTO TEST  
PCBA&HDA failure  
MOTOR Noise  
START  
HEAD ERROR  
HEAD failure  
[AJ43]  
HEAD Check  
N>  
Write head in Max cylinder before write test (if Error: -Next Cyl TEST (until 10Cyl if it is fail)  
Y
±
Seek Test: 100Cyl Seek per dimension (if 3 more error per dimension, Fail) (OD: 100, MD:  
50, ID:-100)  
PES ERROR  
PES Check  
Y
PES FAIL  
[AJ47]  
RRO ERROR  
MECHANISM  
N>  
M/C ERROR  
M/C Check  
M/C FAIL  
[AJ48]  
N>  
Maintenance Cylinder 0 ~ Maintenance Cylinder : When it Read to Happen Error on CYL number1  
Y
HEAD RETRY  
I/D scatter hits.  
I/D continuous  
M/D scatter hits.  
M/D continuous  
O/D scatter hits.  
O/D continuous  
SEEK NOISE  
[AJ42]  
[AJ22]  
[AJ23]  
[AJ24]  
MEDIA ERROR  
MEDIA Check  
N>  
[AJ25]  
[AJ26]  
[AJ27]  
[AJ38]  
Hand TEST  
continuoud: more than 15Cylinder  
Virus  
AUTO  
DEFECT FREE  
N>  
VIRUS  
[SJ15]  
Fdisk/Format  
SYSTEM  
ERROR  
FAT,format error [SJ16]  
N>  
N>  
compatibility  
[SJ13]  
Booting  
TEST OK  
[SJ19]  
[SJ12]  
[SJ23]  
Y>  
TIMEING  
ERROR  
control speed  
other failure  
PASS  
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8. How to progress Burn-In Test  
1) Summary of B/I Test  
Progress defect detection and reliability test of HDD according to program written in  
± ℃  
5
±
, humidity 50 10% stress condition.  
maintenance/cylinder in temperature 40  
2) Progress B/I Test  
A way of detection for HDD defect by reading/ writing the existing written information.  
3) Flow sheet.  
Down load if small defect like mentioned above occurred.(Progress ALT-I in HUTIL program)  
(Be sure to check download before progress B/I program. Led off if there is no program down  
loaded or maintenance/cylinder is unreadable.)  
As Main and B/I Firmware are separate from VG11/VG11+ series, progress test after changing  
to B/I Firmware before test.( if B/I finished, change main firmware.)  
Check appearance & jumper pin status.  
(B/I test is Led off if jumper pin connection is incorrect.)  
Connect drive to power supply.(same as drive ready.)  
If drive is progressing burn-in regularly,led blink after ready.  
If drive is progressing burn-in irregularly,led off after ready.  
(Led Off or ready state if the initial state isn't burn-in low or cont-in flow when we check  
B/I program by loading burn-in program: written by how to B/I flow, SETC 0,SETH 0,  
SETS 5,(M/C region)  
Mark failure and Led frequency appear when lots of defects are occurred or error in drive  
is occurred during burn-in test.)  
Led is repeated one time if pass after done test.  
(Be cautious because burn-in test time is different by every model)  
Write end-in flow on maintenance/cylinder if pass after done test and write fail-in flow  
in fail case.  
Led blank after write the test result. Pass: repeat one time. Fail: the number of error code.  
4) Subject of B/I Program  
Progress B/I Program  
- Main order: LED Bilnk  
: Format  
: Change Pattern  
: Change Slvel Label  
: Change Retry Count  
: ECC ON/OFF  
: Read Track Reverse  
: Read Track Forward  
: Write Track Forward  
: Write Track Reverse  
: Random Write  
: Random Read  
- Record M/C if error happened  
: recording location - from CYL 1, Head 0 SEC 1  
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5) Failure status and repairing  
Failure state  
State  
Method  
Remarks  
●●  
●●  
●●  
●●  
Jumper pin  
connection  
failure  
-LED off after  
-Check the location of jumper pin and  
execute to change.  
DXX:All sorts of jumper  
DCF:Size operation pin  
DSP:Master/slave operation  
-C/D:Master/slave operation  
ready when drive  
is connected.(Not  
execute burn-in )  
(The location of jumper pin is always  
in "-C/D".)  
Not down load -Led off after  
ready when drive  
-Don't execute down load  
:execute again.  
-Read cyl:1, head:0, sec:5 on  
Maintenance/cylinder and check the  
burn-in program write state.Be sure  
to be in  
is connected.(Not  
execute burn-in)  
"Burn-in Flow" state if dump.  
1.INIT 0 2.SETC 1 3.SETH 0  
4.SETS 5 5.PHRD 1 6.DUMP  
- Write location according to  
test result  
-Order"Can't~" is  
occurred during  
progressing down  
load(ALT-I)in LEO  
program.  
-Order"Can't~" is occurred during  
re-progressing in down load  
state,check the drive burn-in state.  
CYL:1 HEAD:0 SEC:10  
Read Program  
1.INIT 0  
2.RTRK 3.ADDH 1  
4.JLUP 2  
MAINTENANC -Can't read burn-in -Error is occurred in reading  
-Check the error state by  
reading CYL:1 HEAD:0 SEC:5 in  
maintenance/cylinder.  
E /CYLINDER program so  
read Failure perceive as not  
maintenance/cylinder or no error is  
occurred in writing&formatting  
down loaded state. maintenance/cylinder,progress pre-test  
again or down load then execute  
-Execute one more heads during  
writing & formatting not one head  
only.(Failure can't duplicate if  
Burn -in.  
-If failure is occurred in entire head  
during writing or formatting ,check out check the same head )  
after changing PCBA.  
-If defect is occurred, catch hold of  
failure symptom and failure degree  
then progress operation,execute servo  
write change disk.  
(process in head office.)  
LED failure  
-Drive is ready  
regularly but only  
led can't run.  
-Due to led specific & imperfect  
soldering - change PCBA then repair.  
PCBA failure  
Power cable  
failure in  
-NO power state  
-Off condition if  
power cable is  
-Execute again after changing PCBA.  
-Short occur when it is connected  
drive to power cable, then come to  
burn-in rack  
connected to drive. off so unplug power cable and  
reconnect in 30 second.  
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9. Caution  
Hard disks are very fragile electro-mechanical devices, which are very sensitive to external  
shock and vibration, therefore be careful when you use not to be impacted and broken  
by static electricity.  
1) Handling Damage example from impact  
If you move HDD while it is running: Spindle motor of the interior in HDD start to spinning  
at high speed as soon as power on. Accordingly, if you move HDD without fixing previously  
when power on, head is possible to collide disk and at this time floating particles occur.  
And these particles damage to disk then cause failure.  
If you dropped or knocked HDD: If you dropped or knocked HDD even though while it isn't  
running, head collide disk due to vibration of ARM and at this time floating particles occur.  
And these particles damage to disk then cause failure.  
2) Damage example for static electricity  
Man is easily charged with electricity so if we handle PCBA of HDD, the high-voltage  
affect on IC or circuit and this become a failure cause.  
3) Unconsciousness characteristic of product  
Keeping the interior of HDD stainless make work regularly without particle of head or disk  
therefore the interior of HDD is configurated in clean room,after done configuration all  
cracks through the exterior are sealed by label so if user doesn't recognize this  
characteristic, disjoint the HDD or remove Label or loose Screw could be a failure factor  
caused by polluted particle.  
4) Caution in center  
There is such case that failure set is arrived in head S/C attaching label written failure  
name to PCBA or the connecting part between cover of HDD and base after screen about failure  
set receipted in center. In this case we have difficulties in repairing because we can't  
remove label. It still looks like failure appearance after done repairing in case of  
attaching to PCBA and if attaching label to the connecting part of cover and base, we can't  
open cover when we need to separate and repair in clean room. Consequently be sure to mark  
failure name in cover only.  
Packaging requirement1 : Be sure to pack with anti-static bag, forwarding to the head S/C  
as well as sending to customer after done preparing is the same. HDD is very fragile  
electro-mechanical devices mentioned above, if we don't keep this, failure is getting worse  
while forwarding.  
Packaging requirement2: Be sure to put HDD in direction of 40 pin connect lower  
certainly. Follow the example form of the head S/C package model. In corrugated card  
board box,20 block-formed sponges is in the box. Then HDD, piled anti-static bag in each  
partition, lay in the sponge 40 pin connect is lowered.  
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Attachment 1. The basic information related HDD  
The basic information of HDD  
The logical elements constituted hard disk  
1)  
Track: The data inputted by computer was written at tracks on disk. The tracks, in spite of  
invisible,are the concentric circles from the center of disk to the outside.  
The tracks are divided into spaces regularly. The number of tracks is different according to  
the size and capacity of disk.  
Sector: Data are recorded in track on disk, it means data is written on tracks which is  
divided into sector on disk. The data is written on tracks which is divided into sector on disk.  
A sector is a piece of pizza,naming track.  
Side: Disk has two sides like a coin has the front and the back side.  
The front side of disk is side 0, the back is called side 1.  
Cylinder: The definition of cylinder is added the meaning of track and side.  
A track 1 on side 1 is different from a track 1 on side 2. But cylinder 0 means the both  
of tracks in side o and 1. That is cylinder 0 means all number 0 of tracks on both sides.  
Cluster: Disk has physical mechanism that constituted track (divided by the location of  
read/write head ) and sector (divided by track). It's a fact that there is a real logical  
factor, that is cluster, make the data can read/write.  
One cluster consists of two sectors usually. The capacity is 2 Kbyte commonly in hard disk.  
But we are cautious that no matter what the data is so small,use one independent cluster.  
For example, a cluster occupy 1 Kbyte can't written any other files.  
The rest of cluster are useless. If we have 1,025 Kbyte file, we need two cluster to written.  
If the size of cluster is getting bigger, the efficiency of disk is lower but the speed of  
that is faster than.  
refer to picture - Track,Sector,Side  
Wudfn  
Vhfwru  
Vlgh 4  
+Xs,  
Vlgh 3  
+Grzq,  
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2) The logical mechanism of hard disk  
Hard disk consists of boot record, FAT, root directory, data field.  
Boot Record: Boot record is consists of sector 1, track 0, side 0.  
Boot record is the one of most important parts. It has some information about the physical  
structure of disk. If boot record is vanished, the disk is useless entirely.  
The physical information mean, for example, the number of FAT, capacity of disk something  
like that. Also has boot record also contains programs to make work the operating systems.  
The program which is capable of working the operating systems is the definition containing  
several specific information like the number of byte per sector, the total of sectors in disk.  
FAT: It says that quota information field: that is the memory field about where the file is  
located in real data field. Just like we are known the rooms occupied or empty by a hotel  
account book. Most files occupy several cluster not just one cluster. Cluster belong to a  
files is scattered in many parts on disk, not existing constantly. If cluster is vanished  
or destroyed, we don't know the linking state. So we can't read files properly.  
Root Directory: All of disk have only one root directory. Root directory exist certainly  
whether sub directory exist or not. Root directory is the memory field which remember the  
files on disk and the list of sub directory. And sub directory is treated as files in root  
directory. Using the disk is restricted when root directory is damaged like as file quota table.  
3) Terms about hard disk  
Seek Time: Seek time is referred to the time that head in disk takes to located a particular  
piece of data which has information the head want to read. Disk speed is getting faster  
according to seek time speed. Strictly speaking, seek time of track vs track tell the more  
accurate disk speed. Seek time of track vs track refer to the time that the disk head which is  
in present location move to the just next side of sector of track.  
Access Time: The access time for disk drives includes the time it actually takes for the  
read/write head to locate a sector on the disk (called the seek time). For example, the last  
read head located on track 3 and the next information is located on track 4,the time to try  
want read(access time) is the same for a seek time of track vs track. But we are not sure the  
location of the next information we regard this as a average time. This is an average time  
since it depends on how far away the head is from the desired data, it is similar to a time  
that head takes to spin a half of the whole track.  
Latency: In general, the period of time passing through the unreadable region.  
Its time is similar to passing time across the half of hard disk circle.  
Inter-Leave: The physical sector numbers among the continuous sectors logically on disk.  
Logical sector is not corresponding to that of physical: the reason is that disk head needs  
some time can read next sector from the first sector accepting data. Disk head has to keep  
spinning the while. If a data in sector1 and next data in sector 2:1:1 inter-leave,  
in sector 3:1:2 inter-leave. 1:1 isn't always efficiency because data of the sector1 receive  
from memory then try to receive sector2, if the disk is already spun, need one more spin.  
Partition : The logical region of disk. Normally disk divides logical region into  
physical region. The former contains side,track,sector and the latter contains partition.  
In dos systems, you can partition a disk and each partition will behave like a separate  
disk drive.Dos recognize two sort of partitions.  
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DOS PARTITION : This is to dos as system disk is to floppy disk and dos is run  
by this partition.  
EXTENDED DOS PARTITION : The rest region of the disk was occupied by dos partition.  
The size of partition from dos 4.0 isn't restricted, hard disk over 32MB(to DOS 3.3)  
must be treated as a independent drive each diving two more partitions.  
Transfer Rate: The mass of controller is transferred a data from hard disk. That is  
transferring to computer after reading the data from hard disk. Transfer rate depends on  
how faster the disk spin and how many data sector is recorded.  
Cache: One of method to optimize capacity of disk drive. Drive using read cache send  
a data to host computer ,on the contrary write cache used when host send to drive.  
Read Cache: How to read the continuous data as well as data needed by host.  
This is possible because the files in drive storage orderly. If the host want information  
read before, we transfer information data in buffer without reading dada again.  
This can be picked up the speed.  
Write Cache: All data transferred from host are received in buffer of disk drive, host is  
informed that written already. While disk drive is recording,host can record another  
information therefore system efficiency is improved. But this is risk loss of data when  
power is cut off before recording the data yet. PC use write cache within operating systems  
like smart drive, so PC doesn't have such like a risk. Disk controller,which manages the  
interchange of data between drive and computer,and hard ware and soft ware in the circuit  
of disk controller and disk drive. PC is used AT(IDE) and SCSI interface normally.  
Disk controller,which manages the interchange of data between drive and computer,and hard  
ware and soft ware in the circuit of disk controller and disk drive. PC is used AT(IDE) and  
SCSI interface normally.  
IDE Drive: Abbreviation of Integrated device electronics. This drive make all circuits  
connected to AT bus directly by putting within drive, we call this general AT drive.  
Enhanced IDE: Current IDE spec only two drive can be attached and the speed isn't fast.  
The higher capacity of system,the lower that of the whole system due to that of HDD. Enhanced  
IDE is an improved IDE-AT Interface spec. resolve the problem like lower transferring speed  
and 528MB barrier cause by current BIOS. Fast-IDE Interface or local bus IDE-AT Interface are  
the same.  
SCSI: Current IDE spec only two drive can be attached and the speed isn't fast. The higher  
capacity of system,the lower that of the whole system due to that of HDD. Enhanced IDE is an  
improved IDE-AT Interface spec. resolve the problem like lower transferring speed and 528MB  
barrier cause by current BIOS. Fast-IDE Interface or local bus IDE-AT Interface are the same.  
Defect-Free: A region isn't able to read exist in media. When we find defect like this in  
manufacturing process, we replace with the normal region. Thus we can supply perfect drive to  
user. Defect magnet is a method can arrange the defects in read/write from the replaced sector.  
ECC On-the-Fly: A region isn't able to read exist in media. When we find defect like this in  
manufacturing process, we replace with the normal region. Thus we can supply perfect drive to  
user. Defect magnet is a method can arrange the defects in read/write from the replaced sector.  
Multi-Zone Recording: Zone-bit recording or constant recording are the same. In case we  
record data on spinning disk in constant frequency signal, shorten the inside caliper and  
lengthen the outside diameter. If we make this evenly, the capacity of drive is improved.  
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Master/Slave/Cable Select: When we attached 2 IDE drive, one is master and the other is slave.  
Being a M/S whether or not of drive is determined by jump in drive or cable select.  
BPI: Abbreviation of bit per inch, recording density towards a circumference. Usually we  
decide the maximum diameter of track.  
Buffer: The RAM where executed data between HDD and host computer is stored in RAM  
temporary.  
The resolution of the bottleneck according to difference of speed and improving the efficiency.  
Controller: Same as disk controller, chip or circuit make possible transfer command and data  
of computer according to HDD.  
DMA: Abbreviation of direct memory access, a technique for transferring data from main memory  
to a device without passing it through the CPU. This is useful for making quick backups and  
for real-time applications.  
Servo  
Local control technology enable to read and write data.When spinning flatter high-speeded  
read data, head is the accurate position according to the position written data,this  
technology could be a standard about HDD efficiency. Local controller apply stepping  
spindle motor or voice coil motor to head located in actuator and settled a position.  
More over another important factor is how far the magnetic head could fly on the surface  
of hard disk. The lower the height of magnetic head is, the narrower the magnetic region  
on the disk surface, so the more data can be read or written on the same disk surface.  
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Attachment 2. Explanation of HDD terms  
Access  
Read, write, or update inforamtion on some storage medium such as a disk.  
The interval between the time a request for data is made by the system and the time the data  
Access time is available from the drive.Access time includes the actual seek time, rotational latency and  
command processing overhead time.  
Actuator  
The internal mechanism that moves the read/write head to the proper track  
Allocation  
The process of assigning particular areas of the disk to particular data or instructions.  
Allocation  
Unit  
An Allocation unit is a group of sectors on the disk that can be reserved for the use of a  
particular file.(usually in the form of sector, block or cluster)  
Buffer  
An area of RAM reserved for temporary storage of data that is waiting to be sent to a device.  
Air Bearing Surface. Establish flat surface slantingly at the both sides of head to make head  
rise on disk by using air pressure.  
ABS  
Access  
Access time  
Reading, writing, updating information stored in disk.  
Time from requesting data to assuring data on disk in system.  
(contained seek time, rotational latency, command processing overhead time)  
Actuator  
AFR  
Mechanism of making read/write head move to the proper track.  
Annualized Failure Rate. Accumulated failure rate.  
Allocation  
Process of storing Data instruction at the particular region in disk.  
Allocation  
Unit  
Remaining sector set on disk to be used for specific file.  
(commonly, in form of sector, block, cluster )  
APM  
Advanced Power Management Hardware.  
Areal  
Density  
×
Recording capacity per 1 square inch. Areal Density = BPI  
TPI [Mb/Inch]  
Assembled HGA(Head Gimbal Assembly) and VCM at the back and forth of ARM. Parts which  
is connected to pivot bearing of base. (Parts enable to move head to proper location on Base  
physically)  
Arm  
AT  
Advanced Technology interface or IDE. Interface to be designed for IBM transfer PC.  
AT Attachment Device. Device is equivalent to ANSI ATA spec. HDD, contained tape drive,  
CD-ROM.  
ATADevice  
Improved the existing AT interface, Interface is correspond to E-IDE of W/D by suggestion of  
Seagate  
ATA-2  
Audit  
Examine the factory.  
Average  
Seek Time  
The average time it takes for the read/write head to move to a specific location.  
protect information recorded in media from damage by breaking the remained current flowed to  
head in magnetic body.  
Back Gap  
Bad Block  
A block (usually the size of a sector) that cannot reliably hold data because of meadia flaw or  
damaged format markings.  
Lead plate to maintain the balance of ARM. (The amount of disk and head are different in case  
of different capacity of the same series, so this maintain the center of gravity because the  
center of gravity of ARM is changing according to those of head changing. )  
BALANCING  
PLATE  
Basic frame for parts assembling of HDD. spindle motor, arm, VCM, cover, PCB are assembled  
on Base.  
Base  
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Abbreviation of pivot bearing, Mediator of Arm and Base which is located in the center of ARM  
and it can rotate smoothly.  
BEARING  
Bezel  
BIOS  
bit  
A plastic panel that extends the face of a drive so that it covers a computer's drive bay opening.  
Basic Input/Output system: Control program/sub-program can control computer and around device.  
A binary digit may have one of two values-1 or 0  
Located in the first track and sector in disk where store physical structure information of disk.  
(sector1, track 0, side 0)  
Boot Record  
BPI  
Abbreviation of Bit Per Inch, it means the recording density towards circumference. Generally it  
decided to the value of maximum track.  
BPS  
Bit per second. Data transferring speed, transferring bit numbers per second.  
BPSI  
Bits per square inch = areal density, Bit numbers per 1 square inch, BPSI=BPI x TPI  
Breather  
Filter  
Filter to prevent contamination occurred inside due to outside air, it is putted on air plug.  
Temporary RAM to store data between HDD and host computer, it is used for efficiency  
improvement.  
Buffer  
Burn-in test Reliability test with changing temperature, voltage condition.  
Bus  
The part of a chip, circuit board, or interface designed to.  
Unit of digital information. 1 Byte is 8 bit.  
Byte  
Optimizing method for drive efficiency, read cache is for data transfer from drive to host  
computer and write cache is from host to drive. (256KB in normal. It mediate the bottle-neck  
due to speed difference between drive and PC host)  
Cache  
Capacity  
Information amount could be stored in HDD. Units are MB, GB  
Clean Room No particle room for MP or RMA of HDD. Grade of 1000ppm, 100ppm, 10ppm etc.  
CLIP-FPC  
Clock  
Components to assemble FPC and SUPPORT-FPC.  
Timing standard signal to treatment balance.  
The logical factor to read/write real data. One cluster is bind 2 sectors generally, its size is  
2kbyte.  
Cluster  
Compatibility  
test  
Test hardware device or software's compatibility to confirm compatibility.  
Controller  
Cover  
Disk Controller also, chip or circuit can be transfer data order of computer to available to HDD.  
Protect parts within HDD from the exterior impact and particle and moist ,the fatal fact caused  
head and disk failure.  
Central Processing Unit. Control input/output device and sending, computing,recording data and  
output the result.  
CPU  
Protect activator's impact in emergency condition when head move to parking zone or come off  
data zone.  
Crash Stop  
CRC  
Abbreviation of Cyclic Redundancy Code, detect error differ from ECC containing error correcting  
function. For protect ID data.  
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Data is recorded on lots of circle in media in HDD, we call these circles track.. We record data  
at both sides of media and HDD has many media layers. so it has several tracks which have  
the same radius, we call this concentric circle collection of track Cylinder. Tracks are divided to  
sector and it organized ID information and data and ECC. ID information is a sort of address  
information to seek data sector requested from host computer.  
Cylinder/Trac  
k/Sector  
Data  
Separator  
Separate complex data/clock signal from HDD stored data/timing information encoded form.  
Restore encoded signal.  
Decoding  
Dedicated  
Servo  
Concentrate servo signal (Timing & location control signal) on on side of drive.  
Defect  
Management  
Find defect and treat data from replaced sector on read/write.  
HDD vendor received disks from media vendor for smooth supply and proper price and these  
media has defect( region can't read write data), by scanning defect during production process  
and replacing normal region so we can product defect-free drive. Defect management means  
scanning defect and treatment process from replaced data during read/write.  
Defect-Free/  
Defect  
Management  
Disk  
Head record data in this circle plate, magnetic disk is general.  
Group assembled the separate HDD for large capacity.  
Disk array  
Direct Memory Access, data transferring method among system memory and HDD without CPU.  
By using DMA, CPU can do other works while data transferring, efficiency become improved.  
DMA  
DOA  
dead on arrival, arrival failure.  
DPPM  
Defect parts per million, failure unit.  
Drive  
Geometry  
Functional definition according to the numbers of head,cylinder,sector per track.  
Design Verification test.  
DVT  
ECC  
Error correction code. Correct error data, controller scan and correct error combining user data  
and parity bit.  
ECC is Error Correction Code, Additional recording information per every sector. By ECC  
creation logic, data is added on disk and checking and correcting with reading. If it is  
correctable error without read action stopping, we call this ECC on-the-Fly with hardware's help  
within controller.  
ECC  
on-the-Fly  
E-IDE  
Enhance  
IDE  
Revised interface in IDE way, new specification to improve the existing method has problem of  
low speed.  
Embedded  
Servo /  
Dedicated  
Servo  
Embedded Servo: Arrange servo signal(timing,location control signal) to data and data track in  
parallel. Dedicated Servo: Mechanism of dedicated surface of disk have timing and positioning  
information only.  
Encoding is a data transferring method before recording data pattern to disk and Decoding is on  
the contrary. To read recorded data more easily and accurately, Encoding and Decoding should  
be needed. Coding methods are MFM.(2.7)RLL.(1.7)RLL.  
Encoding/  
Decoding  
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The existing IDE specification enable to adhere only 2 drives and transferring speed was low.  
But HDD efficiency are resulted to low the whole capacity according to getting system efficiency  
higher. Enhanced IDE has specification of revised IDE-AT interface by current BIOS and 528Mb  
barrier and we settled the low speed problem with this new spec. Same as Fast-IDE Interface  
or Local Bus IDE-AT Interface.  
Enhanced  
IDE  
EOL  
End of Life.  
EPROM  
EVT  
Erasable programmable read only memory.  
Engineering verification test.  
File allocation table. Data table is recorded at the most outer side of disk, inform sector  
location and order of each recorded file to Operating system.  
FAT  
FCI  
Flux change per inch. magnetization rotation density per unit inch.  
Flux Change Per Inch. Magnetization rotating density per unit inch. Concerned with BPI, this  
value is decided by track has maximum radius. BPI is proportion to FCI according to difference  
of coding method.  
FCI/FCPI/Flu  
x Density  
FDD  
Floppy Disk Drive. 5.25"/3.5" drive is used for PC  
FILTER  
Firmware  
Components filtering particle from the flowed air to the inside/outside of HDA.  
Hardware control program, this is stored in  
Flash  
Memory  
Among PROM of the memory for searching only which can re-write, memory chip enable to  
rewrite and erase the old contents electrically.  
Flexure  
Assembly  
Control rising by Slider ABS, flying height of slider and make slider move to proper track by  
connecting to head positioning mechanism.  
Flux Density Flux density, the number of magnetic field pattern can be recorded on the disk surface.  
Distance between Read/write head and disk surface. Air resistance due to disk rotation can  
maintain this distance, the small flying height is, the large data recording density is, but it need  
more specified mechanical design.  
Flying  
Height  
Form factor Industrial specification decided diameter of Disk. 3.5", 2.5" in case of Samsung.  
Recording the particular signal to divide track and sector and this information should be recorded  
Format  
on disk in first before user want to store data. Be careful because formatting erase all recorded  
information.  
Formatted  
capacity  
Available HDD capacity after HDD formatting.  
Flexible Printed Circuit, or PCC, inputted parts enable to flow current to the flexible material.  
(Polemize)  
FPC  
Status of soldering IC, CAPACITOR, 14PIN CONNECTOR to FPC surface or connecting  
HOLDER-FPC, SUPPORT-FPC, CLIP-FPC.  
FPC ASS'Y  
GASKET  
Parts made of rubber to protect inner inflow air and moist from the outside of HDD  
Data storing unit. Accurately 1,073,741,824 bytes(1024*1024*1024), i.e. 1,000MB  
GigaByte(G  
B)  
GMR Head  
Half height  
Giant Magneto Resistive head. New type head of MR head.  
One of the standard height specification of HDD and the real height is 1.6inch  
Hard  
Error/Soft  
Error  
Hard error is a continuous misreading due to defect of disk surface) and it can read correct  
data if in case of read again, we call this soft error.  
Head Disk Assembly, half assembled product of HDD. SPINDLE MOTOR, DISK, HSA, VCM etc.  
are sealed within Base and Cover.  
HDA  
HDA label  
Label remarked assembly status of Disk/Head by 5digit-english & number.  
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Hard Disk Drive, memory device by transferring data to permanent magnetic field rather than  
digital pulse. It organized HDA and PCBA.  
HDD  
Head  
Read/write data on disk directly. (MIG, Thin film, MR,GMR)  
The damages of read/write and media cause a sudden contact between head and disk surface,  
they are also occurred because of dust,particles or other contamination within HDA.  
Head Crash  
Head Stack Status ARM and HGA assembled.  
Height  
HGA  
Vertical height of HDD ( 1 inch height is used generally in case of 3.5" drive)  
Head Gimbal Ass'y, recording and replaying data and it organized slider and suspension for  
supporting slider, usually we say Head..  
High-Level  
formatting  
Progressing mechanism to format program of management system. Root directory, File allocation  
table created.  
HOLDER-FP  
C
Parts made of plastic enable to make routing FPC.  
HSA  
Hz  
HEAD STACK ASS'Y,. Assembled HGA with FPC ASS'Y in ARM.  
Herz. The number of event during 1 second.  
Data Input/output  
I/O  
Integrated circuit.. Electric circuit,assembly of elements of transistor,diode,resistance on the thin  
plate of semiconductor. CPU of PC and RAM are sort of IC.  
IC  
Integrated Device Electronics. In IBM PC AT, drive type enable to connect all circuits to AT  
Bus directly  
IDE  
Integrated Device Electronics, In IBM PC AT, drive enable to connect all circuits to AT Bus.  
Generally, AT drive.  
IDE Drive  
Initialize  
Refer to low level formatting.  
Disk controller to manage data between drive and computer and hard ware & software contained  
within disk drive circuit. AT(IDE) and SCSI interface are usually used in small computer system.  
Interface  
Interleave/  
Interleave  
Factor  
Order of sector arranged within track. For example, interleave factor is 3:1 then arranged by 3  
sectors for sector interval, that is, it is possible to read sector2 after reading sector1 by leaping  
over 2sector. We need 3 rotations to read all data of track. Now days, Most interleave is 1:1.  
IQC  
Incoming quality control. Inspection process for import.  
Jumper  
Jumper Pin  
Device in type of hardware, it decide HDD connecting status (Master/Slave etc.)  
A small parts enable to choose drive running mode.(Master/Slave)  
KB = Kilo Byte, MB = Mega Byte, GB = Giga Byte. K,M,G have double meanings. First,  
K=1000, M=1000000, G=1000000000, second K=2^10=1024, M=2^20=1048576,  
G=2^30=1073741824. The second one is more accurate mean on HDD capacity, but we usually  
we use by the first one.  
KB/MB/GB  
Both of them means the landing location of head when spindle motor stopping. This zone used  
for protecting the risk of data damage caused from the contact between head and disk, this  
zone is not stored. Recently most drives using VCM are designed head should be landed in  
landing Zone automatically.  
Landing  
Zone/Parking  
Zone  
Latch  
Parts enable to hold ARM putting on head in constant power.  
LATCH  
SCREW  
HEAD is located in parking zone on off, at this time latch screw connected in parking magnetic  
and make head fixing. (latch force is determined by magnetic power )  
Waiting time until target sector seek time after Read/Write Head arriving at the target track.  
(Generally, 1/2 of spindle cycle ). One cycle time of disk is 16.7ms in case of spin speed is  
3600rpm, then average waiting time should be 8.3ms. This Latency is a one of most factor for  
drive efficiency, transferring speed is better getting shorter waiting time.  
Latency/Rota  
tional  
latency  
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LBA mode  
LED  
Logical block allocation. DOS mode to resolve 528MB capacity restriction.  
Light Emitting Diode. Used for signal light to all kind of electric containing computer.  
One of standard height of HDD, the real height is 1 inch.  
Low profile  
Low-level  
formatting  
Operating system make sector on disk enable to access in proper region in order to create file  
structure.  
HDD become booting when put 2 more IDE drives. ( decided C:, Managed master/slave by  
Jumper control & CMOS setup)  
Master  
When 2 IDE drives operated, one drive become Master(drive C: or drive 0) and the other is  
Master/Slave Slave.(drive D: or drive 1) Master/Slave is determined by using jumper within drive or Cable  
/Cable  
select  
select method. jumper setup is different from companies,so refer to usages, Cable Select has a  
complex jumper method so drive become master/slave automatically according to decided signal  
for Cable Select..  
Media  
Aluminium  
Plate substrate coating with magnetic body. Casting with lubricant to prevent damage for Head  
landing/off, where data stored in form of magnetic flux or politary change.  
Mega  
Byte(MB)  
Data storage unit. Accurately 1,048,576 Bytes(1,024*1,024). that is 1,000KB  
Clock speed unit for PC, clock occur million times per second  
Collection of CPU function to LSI( large IC).  
Mega  
Hertz(MHz)  
Microprocess  
or  
Read metal in gab head, Improved head has high valued inductance by inserting metal around  
gab of core.  
MIG  
Millisecond  
MMX  
One thousandth. Speed unit of HDD efficiency.  
Multimedia Extension. Intel's new CPU chip. Added new 57 orders to run image and sound,  
efficiency is improved about 10~20%.  
MP  
Mass production.  
MPC  
Multi-media Personal Computer  
Magnetic Resistive head. For high-efficiency HDD, IBM developed the marginal head which is  
enable to separate read/write applying MR elements to read head of thin film head.  
MR head  
MRB  
material review board.  
Mean Time Between Failure, average time of occurring failure. This is one of most important  
reliability factor, not the actual measured value but the calculated value of every companies.  
MTBF  
MTTF  
MTTR  
Mean Time to failure. same as MTBF  
Mean Time To Repair, average time to repair. Generally the replacing time of PCBA or HDA.  
Zone-Bit Recording, Constant Recording. While recording data on rotating disk, the inside  
diameter get shorter of sector length and outside diameter get longer of that if the frequency of  
signals is constant. So we make drive capacity higher if make the sector length same with  
outside diameter and inside diameter. We also say Constant Angular Velocity, CAV and  
Constant Linear Velocity, CLV.  
Multi-Zone  
Recording  
MVT  
ORT  
Maturity Verification Test, Test for MP possibility.  
On-going reliability test. Test for MTBF and long time test in normal condition. ( Burn in test  
progress with mal-condition)  
Operating System. Control and manage computer system to use more easily for user.  
(DOS, UNIX etc.)  
OS  
Outer Crash  
Stop  
Parts decide outer range as ARM can move, this parts is a stopper of HEAD out of DISK.  
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Time to perform the real order for controller, host adaptor and drive. The faster overhead is,  
the faster performing time.  
Overhead  
Overwrite  
Recorded data erased by overlapping the existing data.  
Parking  
Zone  
= Landing Zone  
When we use one HDD for multi ones dividing section logically, every memory section is  
partition, For example, 2.5GB HDD can be used for one 2.1GB computer and one 400MB.  
Partition  
PCBA  
Printed Circuit Board Assembly. Kind of IC and Chips are Soldered on board and make run  
HDA, PCBA is a half-finished goods.  
PCMCIA  
Pentium  
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.  
586 Microprocessor to apply IBM type developed by Intel  
Pentium  
Pro(P6,686)  
Pentium's next CPU. 5.5 billion transistor integrated. There are 150, 166, 180, 200MHz.  
Peripheral  
PIO  
Additional device except basic CPU. There are Disk Drive, Tape Drive, CD-ROM.  
Programmed Input/Output.  
Pivot  
Bearing  
Roll bearing is fixed on the rotating center of ARM.  
Plated  
Media  
Disk is covered with hard metal alloy rather than disk Iron-oxide compound.  
The more data could be stored.  
Platter  
POH  
Metal disk record data within HDD  
Power On Hour, used for MTBF.  
Power PC  
PQT  
RISC type CPU is developed by IBM, Apple and Motorola commonly.  
Pre-qualification test  
Partial Response Maximum Likelihood, this is a read/write method to improve recordi density and  
data transferring rate. This method enable to improve capacity as 30% more than the existing  
data transferring by using Peak Detection.  
PRML  
PVT  
Production verification test  
QMS  
Quality management system. Overall quality management system  
Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks. To protect a sudden data damage, connect HDD in  
parallel and diverge data , that is high speed back-up device enable to improve data  
preservation and low speed access for tape the problem of the current back-up device.  
RAID  
RAM  
Random access Memory. Semiconductor memory enable to input and search,we have DRAM  
and SRAM.  
Look-ahead method is not only reading data requested from host but also reading- ahead  
continuous data to buffer sequentially, We improve data transferring speed because we don't  
need to read again in time host request information pre-read by applying for file's sequential  
saving method.  
Read cache  
Read  
Order of reading all data from HDD, read sector occur interrupt per every sector transferring,  
Sector/Read read multiple occur interrupt per designated sector number by set multiple order. Also read DMA  
multiple/Rea occur interrupt only one time after transferring data from host request. For example, 4 is chosen  
d DMA  
by set multiple and host need 10 sectors then the below picture draw how to occur Interrupt.  
Recoverable  
Err/Uncovera Similar to Soft Hard err. Recoverable err means it is possible to read normally though data was  
ble read wrong, unrecoverable err means it is impossible to recover error by any means.  
Err/Correcta Correctable err is belong to Recoverable err, this is recovered by software ECC.  
ble Err  
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RETAINER  
RING  
Component could fix bearing when inserted to ARM.  
Encoding method "run length limited data" to magnetic pulse.  
It can store data 50% more than MFM(Modified Frequency Modulation) method.  
RLL  
RMA  
Return Material Authorization  
Searching only memory. memory would not erase during off, so we use this to program or data  
need not change in PC. Mask ROM input contents when it's manufactured and PROM recorded  
program by user.  
ROM  
Root  
Directory  
The place where file on disk and sub directory list.  
Rotational  
Latency  
Time which controller find proper data with track rotating, head read/write. Generally 1/2 of full  
rotation hour.  
RPM  
Revolution per minute. RPM is higher. the data searching speed is getting higher.  
Small Computer Systems Interface. IDE drive can put only 2 drives on the same bus (4 drives  
in case of Enhanced IDE), SCSI can put 8 drives on the same bus. Also it can be connected  
HDD and other various device,CD-ROM, Tape drive, Printer etc. as well. 16 bit Fast SCSI can  
transfer data in 20Mb speed per second. Apple Macintosh and UNIX operating system use  
mainly.  
SCSI  
Sector  
Seek  
Minimum classification unit which assigned by drive to store information.  
Moving read/write head to the particular data track.  
Time which head is located the current post move to another head written information should be  
read.  
Seek time  
Server  
Computer and device to produce every server to PC on PC LAN network.  
Control system in feed-back way to move the accurate location in device,  
Signal recorded pattered disk in every side to be capable of HEAD location controlling.  
Servo  
Servo Data  
Magnetic marking written within media enable to move read/write head to accurate location.  
Servo information recording equipment on HDA assembled.  
SERVO-WRI  
TER  
Settle time  
Time which head read/write the real data after arriving on proper track.  
Shock  
Rating  
Enduring number without disk drive damage.(G unit) It is differ according to run/unrun number.,  
In case, several PC is connected to one PC, the rest drives except booting system(C:)  
Slave  
Slider  
The core part of head ass'y, made for head can surface on disk, it's organized ABS, Core, Coil  
in general.  
Self-monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology. Technology of reporting the HDD inner  
status and analysis to Host.  
SMART  
SPC  
Statistical Process Control.  
Spindle  
Center shaft of drive connected hard disk platter.  
Spindle  
motor  
Motor enable to rotate disk in continuous speed. (high speed:4500rpm,5400rpm etc)  
Serial Storage Architecture. High speed and high efficiency interface technology of IBM  
correspond to Seagate's FC-AL interface.  
SSA  
Track  
HDD have numerous circles in media, and these circles write data, we call this circle track.  
Track density (attachment: TPI)  
Track  
density  
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Transfer rate Data transferring speed among PC and other devices of HDD.  
The existing thin film head have 2 ABS and adding one more ABS, head is designed to be  
Tri-pad head  
profitable to low flying height. Produced by SAE, ReadRite company.  
Unformatted  
HDD capacity before formatting.  
capacity  
Universal Serial Bus. Particular chip was connected in period plate and manage keyboard,  
USB  
VAR  
mouse, printer,modem, this chip unify the connecting pot shape of other device period plate,  
then make easy to connect and speed is 10 times higher than the current vertical connection.  
Value Added Re-seller. Vendor sell the existing product after making higher value added.  
Voice Coil Motor: Stable and high speed motor applying speaker system, make move head in  
proportion to magnetic strength. Motor used voice coil has fewer components than step motor so  
it is strong for stress and abrasion and move head in high speed. They divided Rectangular and  
Flat coil type of VCM according to shape and Linear and Rotary type according to rotation  
method. Recently flat coil type and rotation type is general.  
VCM  
VCM COIL  
Trapezoid shaping parts connected to ARM with winding coated write in 250 times.  
Disk drive same as fixed Disk and hard Disk. Winchester was the of developing model at that  
time by IBM, establish fixed magnetic disk within airtight space then head rise on connecting  
disk, we apply to all kind of hard disk drive now days.  
Winchester  
Disk  
Window  
Clock  
Make hole so head for servo write to write locational information could enter inside of HDD.  
Window  
Pusk Pin  
Pin hole to enter HDA.  
Write cache improve system capacity, i.e. make possible to work while recording information on  
Write cache disk and this is risk to loose data when off but PC use write cache within operating system like  
smart drive to prevent that risk.  
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Attachment3. Q&A  
Customer's Q&A  
1) What is "Bad Sector"?  
Bad sector is divided physical Bad sector(Hard defect) and logical Bad sector(Soft defect).  
Physical Bad sector  
Visual defect occur in the surface of disk where is recorded data, it contain the minute  
defect could checking with electric microscope. The main occurring cause of physical bad  
sector are particle,impact,vibration. Among them, impact is the most serious cause, this  
affect other components and bad sector as well and get weak HDD status( noise,bad sector).  
Logical Bad sector  
We can't find physical error on the surface of disk where the real data recorded but  
actually abnormal data recorded in this case. Physical bad sector occur due to sudden  
effect(stoppage, unstable power, head mis-running due to impact/vibration,unstable  
finish, Virus,colloision with other hardware). But real data storage could not damaged,  
if you over write data again, you can use newly recorded data without problem.  
But you'd better HDD installation in state of manufactured in factory to prevent next  
data error.(After data back-up)  
Resolution for bad sector:  
Self-examination by Shdiag program.  
Progress low level format with clear HDD program.  
2) The real product capacity is not consistent with capacity on window screen.  
The reason of 4.3GB is displayed instead of 4.0GB is follows.(e.g. 4.3GB)  
Generally 1K = 1000, but 1K = 1024 in case of computer.  
The reason is that computer and OS can perceive only two number, 0 and 1.  
So 10 square of 2 is recorded as 1024.(2^10=1024) User's capacity of HDD is  
4,300,000,000 Byte, it is not changed but due to computer perceiving restriction method,  
it looks capacity was reduced. Consequently remark is changed according to unit change,  
the real capacity is not changed.  
3) What is LBA,Large and Normal mode ?  
LBA and Large mode of HDD is one of the method to recognize the high capacity HDD of  
528MB more. LBA mode has been applied to SCSI, it recognize cylinder,head and sector  
by the way of not three-dimensional but one-dimensional and numbering the first sector  
in form of block unit is to number 0 then the sector become a unit and the assigned number  
become a address, then change those numbers into physical three-dimensional address of  
cylinder,head and sector. At this time, LBA mode is useful if BIOS and Hard is applied.  
In case of Large mode, if the number of cylinder is in between 1024~2048, divide that  
value then multiple the number of head and we can use HDD which doesn't apply LBA mode  
by setting for this method and we can just establish HDD capacity until 528MB in case of  
Normal mode. But we don't produce HDD in normal mode any more. The difference of Large  
and LBA is that LBA is recognized as the number of cylinder was reducing in half and the  
number of head was raised double and Large mode is set as the same way of general Normal  
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mode, and extend capacity by raising the number of cylinder. Currently most of hard disk  
is applied to LBA mode, so it set as LBA or AUTO in BIOS set-up.  
4) PC is downed with the message of "Stack Over Flow" while HDD running or can't recognize  
HDD.  
If internal stack overflow error occurred on the basis of MS-DOS system  
(MS-DOS, MS-WINDOWS95), increase the number of internal stacks of CONFIG.SYS file and  
the usages are as follows.  
STACKS=number,size  
This number means the number of stacks (it is possible to designate by 8-64, Default 9),  
and the size means stacks' size. (32-512, Default 128)  
"Internal stack overflow" occur on using the program which can make memory assigned stack  
region apply hardware work, and also this problem occur during progress of RAM residential  
program or applicable program on the basis of non-windows system.  
5) Bad Sector often occur.  
Hard disk is supported by IDE system under the 486 computer. IDE system can set to the  
extent of 2 hard disks and though it was set high capacity hard disk, the real capacity  
is up to 528MB. From 529MB, EIDE( extended IDE) type supporting computer re cognize as  
Bad Sector. If your computer doesn't support EIDE, you can use disk manager program,  
you can download this in utilities of our web-site.  
In times of CMOS set-up, make Hard disk recognized as Auto Defect in EIDE supporting  
computer and make HDD mode to LBA if BIOS is AMI,Award.  
6) Parking should be necessary when turn PC off?  
HDD which can't supporting Auto parking has been damaged by stopping read/write head on  
data region if it is off suddenly. To protect this problem, we have to move head to  
parking region by parking program but we need not progress additional parking program to  
move head to parking head.  
38  
M40S  
 

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